Methods and system for deicing a surface

ABSTRACT

A method of an embodiment includes receiving data from a sensor that is configured to supply data related to an ice layer thickness on a skin surface, calculating the ice layer thickness, comparing the ice layer thickness to a threshold thickness, vibrating the skin surface using at least one mechanical element for a sufficient duration, sufficient frequency, and sufficient displacement to result in removal of a first portion of the ice layer thereby resulting in at least a partially deiced skin surface, and heating the partially deiced skin surface using at least one heating element. The method of an embodiment further includes heating from a leading edge of the skin surface to a trailing edge of the skin surface and heating the surface to result in a sufficient temperature increase in the skin surface for removal of a second portion of the ice layer.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/789,009, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEM FOR DEICING A SURFACE”, filedMar. 15, 2013, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/788,792, entitled“MECHANICAL DEICING”, filed Mar. 15, 2013, U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 61/788,893, entitled “COMPOSITE”, filed Mar. 15, 2013, which arehereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for allpurposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The system and method relates to deicing of surfaces. In someembodiments, the system and method relate to deicing of surfaces ofairborne vehicles.

BACKGROUND

Systems and methods for deicing airborne vehicles are known.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In some embodiments, the method comprises receiving first data from atleast one first sensor; wherein the at least one first sensor isconfigured to supply data related to a thickness of an ice layer on askin surface. In some embodiments, the method further includescalculating the thickness of the ice layer and comparing the thicknessof the ice layer to a threshold thickness.

In some embodiments, the method includes, based, at least in part, onthe comparing the thickness of the ice layer to the threshold thickness,vibrating the skin surface using at least one mechanical element for asufficient duration, sufficient frequency, and sufficient displacementso as to result in removal of a first portion of the ice layer therebyresulting in at least a partially deiced skin surface. In someembodiments, the method includes heating the partially deiced skinsurface using at least one heating element. In some embodiments, theheating is conducted from a leading edge of the skin surface to atrailing edge of the skin surface. In some embodiments, the heating thepartially deiced skin surface results in a sufficient temperatureincrease in the partially deiced skin surface for removal of a secondportion of the ice layer.

In some embodiments, the method includes receiving second data from atleast one second sensor. In some embodiments, the at least one secondsensor is configured to supply data related to one or more of thefollowing: i) air flow at one or more locations on the skin surface, ii)air temperature, iii) relative pressure, and/or iv) humidity.

In some embodiments, the threshold thickness is at least 0.3millimeters. In some embodiments, the sufficient duration of each of theat least one mechanical elements ranges from 0.01 seconds to 5 seconds.In some embodiments, the sufficient duration of each of the at least onemechanical elements ranges from 0.01 seconds to 3 seconds.

In some embodiments, the sufficient frequency of ranges from 0.01 to1000 hertz. In some embodiments, the sufficient frequency ranges from 10to 500 hertz.

In some embodiments, the sufficient displacement of each of the at leastone mechanical elements ranges from 1 millimeter to 20 millimeters. Insome embodiments, the temperature increase of the partially deiced skinsurface is at least 2 degrees Celsius.

In some embodiments, the removal of the first portion and the secondportion of the ice layer results in complete removal of the ice layer.In some embodiments, a residual ice layer is present after removal ofthe first portion and the second portion of the ice layer and theresidual ice layer comprises a thickness of 0.5 millimeters to 10millimeters.

In some embodiments, the method includes receiving first data from atleast one first sensor; wherein the at least one first sensor isconfigured to supply data related to a thickness of an ice layer on askin surface. In some embodiments, the method further includescalculating the thickness of the ice layer and comparing the thicknessof the ice layer to a threshold thickness.

In some embodiments, the method further includes based, at least inpart, on the comparing the thickness of the ice layer to the thresholdthickness, vibrating the skin surface using at least one mechanicalelement for a sufficient duration, sufficient frequency, and sufficientdisplacement so as to result in removal of a first portion of the icelayer thereby resulting in at least a partially deiced skin surface. Insome embodiments, the sufficient frequency of ranges from 0.01 to 1000hertz and the sufficient displacement of each of the at least onemechanical elements ranges from 1 millimeter to 20 millimeters.

In some embodiments, the method includes heating the partially deicedskin surface using at least one heating element. In some embodiments,the heating is conducted from a leading edge of the skin surface to atrailing edge of the skin surface and the heating the partially deicedskin surface results in a sufficient temperature increase in thepartially deiced skin surface for removal of a second portion of the icelayer.

In some embodiments, the sufficient duration of each of the at least onemechanical elements ranges from 0.01 seconds to 5 seconds.

In some embodiments, the system includes at least one mechanicalelement. In some embodiments, the system includes at least onemechanical element is configured to vibrate a skin surface for aduration, a frequency, and a displacement. In some embodiments, thesystem includes at least one heating device. In some embodiments, the atleast one heating device comprises at least one heating element. In someembodiments, the at least one heating device is configured to heat theskin surface from a leading edge of the skin surface to a trailing edgeof the skin surface. In some embodiments, the at least one heatingdevice is configured, when positioned on the skin surface, to allow theskin surface to be vibrated by the at least one mechanical element forthe duration, the frequency and the displacement.

In some embodiments, the system includes at least one first sensor. Insome embodiments, the at least one first sensor is configured to providefirst data related to a thickness of an ice layer on the skin surface.In some embodiments, the system includes a control system. In someembodiments, the system includes a control system is configured toreceive the first data, calculate a thickness of an ice layer on theskin surface, compare the thickness of the ice layer to a thresholdthickness, based, at least in part, on the comparison of the thicknessof the ice layer to the threshold thickness, activate the at least onemechanical element for a sufficient duration, sufficient frequency, andsufficient displacement so as to result in removal of a first portion ofthe ice layer thereby resulting in at least a partially deiced skinsurface; and activate the at least one heating element in the heatingdevice so as to result in heating from a leading edge of the skinsurface to a trailing edge of the skin surface; and heating thepartially deiced skin surface sufficiently for removal of a secondportion of the ice layer.

In some embodiments, the heating device is a thermal mat. In someembodiments, the thermal mat comprises at least two of the following: acarbon fiber sheet, a foam sheet, and a conductive strip.

In some embodiments, the control system is further configured tocalculating a first power required for deicing and comparing the firstpower required for deicing to a second power available to an aircraft.

In some embodiments, the at least one mechanical element comprises anactuator.

In some embodiments, the at least one mechanical element comprises aplurality of actuators. In some embodiments, the plurality of actuatorsare positioned on an installation device and the installation device isconfigured to be positioned within an aerodynamic surface of anaircraft.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be further explained with reference to theattached drawings, wherein like structures are referred to by likenumerals throughout the several views. The drawings shown are notnecessarily to scale, with emphasis instead generally being placed uponillustrating the principles of the present invention. Further, somefeatures may be exaggerated to show details of particular components.

FIG. 1 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2A illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2B illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 3 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention. In some embodiment, FIG. 4 illustrates a nominal procedureaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention. In some embodiments, FIG. 5 illustrates a hybrid procedureaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A-6B illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 11 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 12A-12B illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 14 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 15 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 16 illustrate features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 17 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 18 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 19 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 20 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 21 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 22 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 23 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 24 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 25 illustrates features of some embodiments of the presentinvention.

The figures constitute a part of this specification and includeillustrative embodiments of the present invention and illustrate variousobjects and features thereof. Further, the figures are not necessarilyto scale, some to features may be exaggerated show details of particularcomponents. In addition, any measurements, specifications and the likeshown in the figures are intended to be illustrative, and notrestrictive. Therefore, specific structural and functional detailsdisclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as arepresentative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variouslyemploy the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will be further explained with reference to theattached drawings, wherein like structures are referred to by likenumerals throughout the several views. The drawings shown are notnecessarily to scale, with emphasis instead generally being placed uponillustrating the principles of the present invention. Further, somefeatures may be exaggerated to show details of particular components.

The figures constitute a part of this specification and includeillustrative embodiments of the present invention and illustrate variousobjects and features thereof. Further, the figures are not necessarilyto scale, some features may be exaggerated to show details of particularcomponents. In addition, any measurements, specifications and the likeshown in the figures are intended to be illustrative, and notrestrictive. Therefore, specific structural and functional detailsdisclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as arepresentative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variouslyemploy the present invention.

Among those benefits and improvements that have been disclosed, otherobjects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from thefollowing description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingfigures. Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosedherein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodimentsare merely illustrative of the invention that may be embodied in variousforms. In addition, each of the examples given in connection with thevarious embodiments of the invention which are intended to beillustrative, and not restrictive.

Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take themeanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. The phrases “in one embodiment” and “in someembodiments” as used herein do not necessarily refer to the sameembodiment(s), though it may. Furthermore, the phrases “in anotherembodiment” and “in some other embodiments” as used herein do notnecessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, asdescribed below, various embodiments of the invention may be readilycombined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or”operator, and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive andallows for being based on additional factors not described, unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout thespecification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include pluralreferences. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”

In some embodiments, the method comprises receiving first data from atleast one first sensor; wherein the at least one first sensor isconfigured to supply data related to a thickness of an ice layer on askin surface. In some embodiments, the method further includescalculating the thickness of the ice layer and comparing the thicknessof the ice layer to a threshold thickness.

In some embodiments, the method includes, based, at least in part, onthe comparing the thickness of the ice layer to the threshold thickness,vibrating the skin surface using at least one mechanical element for asufficient duration, sufficient frequency, and sufficient displacementso as to result in removal of a first portion of the ice layer therebyresulting in at least a partially deiced skin surface. In someembodiments, the method includes heating the partially deiced skinsurface using at least one heating element. In some embodiments, theheating is conducted from a leading edge of the skin surface to atrailing edge of the skin surface. In some embodiments, the heating thepartially deiced skin surface results in a sufficient temperatureincrease in the partially deiced skin surface for removal of a secondportion of the ice layer.

In some embodiments the first portion is 10% of the ice layer and thesecond portion is 90% of the ice layer. In some embodiments the firstportion is 20% of the ice layer and the second portion is 80% of the icelayer. In some embodiments the first portion is 30% of the ice layer andthe second portion is 70% of the ice layer. In some embodiments thefirst portion is 40% of the ice layer and the second portion is 60% ofthe ice layer. In some embodiments the first portion is 50% of the icelayer and the second portion is 50% of the ice layer. In someembodiments the first portion is 60% of the ice layer and the secondportion is 40% of the ice layer. In some embodiments the first portionis 70% of the ice layer and the second portion is 30% of the ice layer.In some embodiments the first portion is 80% of the ice layer and thesecond portion is 20% of the ice layer. In some embodiments the firstportion is 90% of the ice layer and the second portion is 10% of the icelayer.

In some embodiments the first portion is 10% of the ice removed fromskin surface (“ice removed”) and the second portion is 90% of the iceremoved. In some embodiments the first portion is 20% of the ice removedand the second portion is 80% of the ice removed. In some embodimentsthe first portion is 30% of the ice removed and the second portion is70% of the ice removed. In some embodiments the first portion is 40% ofthe ice removed and the second portion is 60% of the ice removed. Insome embodiments the first portion is 50% of the ice removed and thesecond portion is 50% of the ice removed. In some embodiments the firstportion is 60% of the ice removed and the second portion is 40% of theice removed. In some embodiments the first portion is 70% of the iceremoved and the second portion is 30% of the ice removed. In someembodiments the first portion is 80% of the ice removed and the secondportion is 20% of the ice removed. In some embodiments the first portionis 90% of the ice removed and the second portion is 10% of the iceremoved.

In some embodiments, the method includes receiving second data from atleast one second sensor. In some embodiments, the at least one secondsensor is configured to supply data related to one or more of thefollowing: i) air flow at one or more locations on the skin surface, ii)air temperature, iii) relative pressure, and/or iv) humidity.

In some embodiments, the threshold thickness is at least 0.3millimeters. In some embodiments, the sufficient duration of each of theat least one mechanical elements ranges from 0.01 seconds to 5 seconds.In some embodiments, the sufficient duration of each of the at least onemechanical elements ranges from 0.01 seconds to 3 seconds.

In some embodiments, the sufficient frequency of ranges from 0.01 to1000 hertz. In some embodiments, the sufficient frequency ranges from 10to 500 hertz.

In some embodiments, the sufficient displacement of each of the at leastone mechanical elements ranges from 1 millimeter to 20 millimeters. Insome embodiments, the temperature increase of the partially deiced skinsurface is at least 2 degrees Celsius.

In some embodiments, the removal of the first portion and the secondportion of the ice layer results in complete removal of the ice layer.In some embodiments, a residual ice layer is present after removal ofthe first portion and the second portion of the ice layer and theresidual ice layer comprises a thickness of 0.5 millimeters to 10millimeters.

In some embodiments, the method includes receiving first data from atleast one first sensor; wherein the at least one first sensor isconfigured to supply data related to a thickness of an ice layer on askin surface. In some embodiments, the method further includescalculating the thickness of the ice layer and comparing the thicknessof the ice layer to a threshold thickness.

In some embodiments, the method further includes based, at least inpart, on the comparing the thickness of the ice layer to the thresholdthickness, vibrating the skin surface using at least one mechanicalelement for a sufficient duration, sufficient frequency, and sufficientdisplacement so as to result in removal of a first portion of the icelayer thereby resulting in at least a partially deiced skin surface. Insome embodiments, the sufficient frequency of ranges from 0.01 to 1000hertz and the sufficient displacement of each of the at least onemechanical elements ranges from 1 millimeter to 20 millimeters.

In some embodiments, the method includes heating the partially deicedskin surface using at least one heating element. In some embodiments,the heating is conducted from a leading edge of the skin surface to atrailing edge of the skin surface and the heating the partially deicedskin surface results in a sufficient temperature increase in thepartially deiced skin surface for removal of a second portion of the icelayer.

In some embodiments, the sufficient duration of each of the at least onemechanical elements ranges from 0.01 seconds to 5 seconds.

In some embodiments, the system includes at least one mechanicalelement. In some embodiments, the system includes at least onemechanical element is configured to vibrate a skin surface for aduration, a frequency, and a displacement. In some embodiments, thesystem includes at least one heating device. In some embodiments, the atleast one heating device comprises at least one heating element. In someembodiments, the at least one heating device is configured to heat theskin surface from a leading edge of the skin surface to a trailing edgeof the skin surface. In some embodiments, the at least one heatingdevice is configured, when positioned on the skin surface, to allow theskin surface to be vibrated by the at least one mechanical element forthe duration, the frequency and the displacement.

In some embodiments, the system includes at least one first sensor. Insome embodiments, the at least one first sensor is configured to providefirst data related to a thickness of an ice layer on the skin surface.In some embodiments, the system includes a control system. In someembodiments, the system includes a control system is configured toreceive the first data, calculate a thickness of an ice layer on theskin surface, compare the thickness of the ice layer to a thresholdthickness, based, at least in part, on the comparison of the thicknessof the ice layer to the threshold thickness, activate the at least onemechanical element for a sufficient duration, sufficient frequency, andsufficient displacement so as to result in removal of a first portion ofthe ice layer thereby resulting in at least a partially deiced skinsurface; and activate the at least one heating element in the heatingdevice so as to result in heating from a leading edge of the skinsurface to a trailing edge of the skin surface; and heating thepartially deiced skin surface sufficiently for removal of a secondportion of the ice layer.

In some embodiments, the heating device is a thermal mat. In someembodiments, the thermal mat comprises at least two of the following: acarbon fiber sheet, a foam sheet, and a conductive strip.

In some embodiments, the control system is further configured tocalculating a first power required for deicing and comparing the firstpower required for deicing to a second power available to an aircraft.

In some embodiments, the at least one mechanical element comprises anactuator.

In some embodiments, the at least one mechanical element comprises aplurality of actuators. In some embodiments, the plurality of actuatorsare positioned on an installation device and the installation device isconfigured to be positioned within an aerodynamic surface of anaircraft.

In some embodiments, the present invention includes a method and systemfor preventing and/or reducing ice accumulation on surfaces. In someembodiments, the surfaces may include, but are not limited to, surfacesof manned or unmanned airborne vehicles (UAV), wind turbines and/orother surfaces potentially subjected to icing conditions. In someembodiments, the surfaces may include surfaces of wings and/orpropellers of manned or unmanned airborne vehicles, wind turbines, andthe like. In some embodiments, the wings and/or propellers are formed ofa “skin” having an outer surface exposed to one or more environmentalconditions.

In some embodiments, the manner or unmanned airborne vehicles, windturbines and the like are referred to as “protected systems”.

In some embodiments, the system and method is designed to prevent and/orreduce accumulation of ice on surfaces subjected to atmosphericconditions. In some embodiments, the atmospheric conditions include, butare not limited to, freezing rain, sleet, snow, hail, freezingtemperatures, or other atmospheric condition that can result in iceaccumulation on an exposed surface.

In some embodiments, the method and system include at least one sensorfor detecting conditions such as environmental conditions and/orconditions of the surface. In some embodiments, the at least one sensoris positioned in a section of the skin of the protected system(hereinafter referred to as “skin”) exposed to the environment. In someembodiments, the at least one sensor is positioned in a section of theskin not exposed to the environment.

In some embodiments, the at least one sensor may include elements fordetecting environmental conditions and/or mechanical and/or thermalconditions of the skin surface. In some embodiments, the at least onesensor is configured to detect conditions of the skin and/or skinsurface such as ice thickness, temperature, and/or other relatedproperty. In some embodiments, the at least one sensor is configured todetect environmental conditions including, but not limited to, air flowspeed at one or more locations along the surface, air temperature,relative pressure, and/or humidity.

In some embodiments, the at least one sensor may be configured to detectthe available power for deicing in the protected system.

In some embodiments, the system and method may include one or moremechanical elements. In some embodiments, the mechanical elements areconfigured to vibrate the surface. In some embodiments, the mechanicalelements include one or more vibration elements configured for vibratingthe surface for a duration, frequency and/or displacement capable ofremoving and/or reducing the accumulation of ice on the surface. In someembodiments, the one or more mechanical elements include actuatorsconfigured for vibrating the surface.

FIG. 1 shows a non-limiting cross-section of a skin 105 having a skinsurface 100 of the present invention. FIG. 1 also shows a non-limitingexample of an actuator-type mechanical element 110 of the presentinvention.

In some embodiments, the mechanical elements are positioned in a sectionof the skin exposed to the environment. In some embodiments, themechanical elements are positioned in a section of the skin not exposedto the environment.

In some embodiments, the mechanical elements are positioned in a patternso as to result in at least a partial removal, reduction and/or at leasta partial prevention of ice accumulation on the skin surface.

In some embodiments, the mechanical elements 210 are positioned alongthe surface. In some embodiments, the mechanical elements 210 arepositioned along the surface as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

In some embodiments, the system and method include one or more thermalelements. In some embodiments, the thermal elements are configured toheat the surface to a sufficient temperature so as to result at least apartial removal, reduction and/or prevention of ice accumulation on theskin surface.

In some embodiments, the thermal mats 220 are positioned in a patternalong the surface so as to result in at least a partial reduction and/orprevention of ice accumulation on the skin surface. In some embodiments,the thermal elements include a thermal mat. In some embodiments, thethermal mats 220 may be positioned on the skin surface as shown in FIGS.2A and 2B.

In some embodiments, the thermal mats 320 form part of the skin 305 asshown in the cross-section of the skin 305 of FIG. 3. In someembodiments, the skin 305 may include a surface coating 302, a thermalmat 320, an isolation layer 304, and/or a structural carbon fiber layer306. In some embodiments, the isolation layer may be formed offiberglass Kevlar fiber or equivalent. In some embodiments, the thermalmat 320 may include carbon fiber, conductive silver, and/or conductivecopper and/or other conductive material configured for conduction ofelectric energy to the heaters for heating the surface.

In some embodiments, the surface may include two dimensional m×n array.In some embodiments, the configuration may be an alternate twodimensional layout as shown in the non-limiting example of FIG. 2A. Insome embodiments, the mechanical, thermal, and/or sensory elements areconfigured to result in at least a partial removal, reduction and/orprevention of ice accumulation on the skin surface. In some embodiments,the size of m and/or n will vary based on specific conditions such asenvironmental conditions, etc.

In some embodiments, the system may further include at least one controlunit to monitor, calculate and/or assess the various conditions such asthe ice thickness on the surface, environmental conditions, etc. In someembodiments, the at least one control unit is configured to activate themechanical and/or thermal elements based, at least in part, onconditions detected by the at least on sensor. In some embodiments, theat least sensor provides information regarding the conditions to the atleast one control unit in real-time.

In some embodiments, the sensor and thermal elements are combined. Insome embodiments, the sensor and thermal elements are both positioned inthe thermal mat. In some embodiments, the mechanical, sensor and/orheating elements are separated.

In some embodiments, the method includes: detecting a thickness of iceon an surface of a protected system; detecting at least one of: i) airflow at one or more locations on the surface, ii) air temperature, iii)relative pressure and iv) humidity using at least one sensor; detectinga quantity of power available for deicing the skin surface; comparingthe ice thickness to a threshold level; vibrating the skin surface usingone or more mechanical elements for a sufficient duration, frequency,and displacement so as to result in removal and/or reduction in the icethickness; removing, via breaking or equivalent, the ice from theleading edge; continuing the removal process by heating the skin fromthe leading edge to the trailing edge of the aerodynamic surface for asufficient time using at least one heating element so as to result in asufficient temperature increase in the skin surface to melt a layerpositioned between the ice and the skin surface and thus allow the iceto by removed by the air flow.

In some embodiments, the method steps occur sequentially, concomitantly,or independently. In some embodiments, the heating step is conductedafter the vibration step.

In some embodiments, the threshold level of ice is equal to or greaterthan 1 millimeters. In some embodiments, the threshold level of ice isequal to or greater than 0.5 millimeters. In some embodiments, thethreshold level of ice is equal to or greater than 0.3 millimeters. Insome embodiments, the threshold level of ice is equal to or greater than0 millimeters. In some embodiments, the vibrating step is conducted viamechanical pulsation using one or more mechanical elements such asactuators.

In some embodiments, the vibrating step is conducted using mechanicalelements that are positioned in a spatial pattern and temporal sequence,based, at least in part, on the projected use of the protected system.In some embodiments, the project use of the protected system may bedefined, at least in part, by the mission profile of the protectedsystem.

In some embodiments, the vibrating step is conducted using mechanicalelements such as actuators. In some embodiments, each of the mechanicalelements may be operated for a duration ranging from 0.01 to 5 seconds,a frequency ranging from 0.01 to 1000 Hz, and/or a displacementamplitude ranging from 1 to 20 mm. In some embodiments, the duration,frequency, and/or displacement amplitude of one or more mechanicalelements varies based, at least in part, on the conditions detectedusing the at least one sensor. As used herein, “displacement”,“displacement amplitude”, and “amplitude” may be used interchangeably.

In some embodiments, each of the mechanical elements may be operated fora duration ranging from 0.01 to 5 seconds. In some embodiments, each ofthe mechanical elements may be operated for a duration ranging from 0.05to 4 seconds. In some embodiments, each of the mechanical elements maybe operated for a duration ranging from 0.1 to 3 seconds. In someembodiments, each of the mechanical elements may be operated for aduration ranging from 0.5 to 2 seconds. In some embodiments, each of themechanical elements may be operated for a duration ranging from 1 to 1.5seconds. In some embodiments, each of the mechanical elements may beoperated for a duration ranging from 1.1 to 1.3 seconds.

In some embodiments, each of the mechanical elements may be operated fora frequency ranging from 0.01 to 1000 Hz. In some embodiments, each ofthe mechanical elements may be operated for a frequency ranging from 10to 500 Hz. In some embodiments, each of the mechanical elements may beoperated for a frequency ranging from 20 to 300 Hz. In some embodiments,each of the mechanical elements may be operated for a frequency rangingfrom 40 to 200 Hz. In some embodiments, each of the mechanical elementsmay be operated for a frequency ranging from 60 to 100 Hz. In someembodiments, each of the mechanical elements may be operated for afrequency ranging from 70 to 90 Hz.

In some embodiments, the mechanical elements may be operated using adisplacement amplitude ranging from 1 to 20 mm. In some embodiments, themechanical elements may be operated using a displacement amplituderanging from 2 to 15 mm. In some embodiments, the mechanical elementsmay be operated using a displacement amplitude ranging from 4 to 12 mm.In some embodiments, the mechanical elements may be operated using adisplacement amplitude ranging from 6 to 10 mm. In some embodiments, themechanical elements may be operated using a displacement amplituderanging from 7 to 9 mm.

In some embodiments, the displacement amplitude ranges from 1 millimeterto 20 millimeters. In some embodiments, the displacement amplituderanges from 2 millimeters to 10 millimeters. In some embodiments, thedisplacement amplitude ranges from 1 millimeter to 5 millimeters. Insome embodiments, the displacement amplitude ranges from 2 millimetersto 5 millimeters. In some embodiments, the displacement amplitude rangesfrom 3 millimeters to 5 millimeters. In some embodiments, thedisplacement amplitude is 4 millimeters.

In some embodiments, the heating step is conducted using one or moreheating elements comprising at least one thermal mat. In someembodiments, the heating step is conducted using heating elements in aspatial pattern and temporal sequence based, at least in part, on theprojected use of the protected system. In some embodiments, the projectuse of the protected system may be defined, at least in part, by themission profile of the protected system.

In some embodiments, the heating step includes reducing and/orpreventing accumulation of residual ice present after the vibratingstep. In some embodiments, the heating step is conducted so as toincrease the temperature of the skin surface from below the freezingpoint of one or more fluids including, but not limited to water(hereinafter referred to as “freezing point”) to greater than 0 degreesCelsius. In some embodiments, the heating step is conducted to heat theinterface layer between the ice and the skin surface sufficiently so asto result in sufficiently reducing the bond between the ice and the skinsurface to allow removal or reduction in the ice thickness by flow ofair along the skin surface.

In some embodiments, the heating step is conducted so as to increase thetemperature of the skin surface from below the freezing point to over 0degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the heating step is conducted soas to increase the temperature of the skin surface from below freezingpoint to over 4 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the heating stepis conducted so as to increase the temperature of the skin surface frombelow freezing point to over 3 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, theheating step is conducted so as to increase the temperature of the skinsurface from below freezing point to over 2 degrees Celsius. In someembodiments, the heating step is conducted so as to increase thetemperature of the skin surface from below freezing point to over 10degrees Celsius.

In some embodiments, the heating step is conducted so as to increase thetemperature of the skin surface from below freezing point to over >40degrees Celsius (up to structural integrity limitations). In someembodiments, the heating step is conducted so as to increase thetemperature of the skin surface from below freezing point to over 30degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the heating step is conducted soas to increase the temperature of the skin surface from below freezingpoint to over −10 or more degrees Celsius.

In some embodiments, the method results in ice residuals having athickness of less than 0.5 millimeters after deicing. In someembodiments, the residuals have a thickness ranging from 0.5 millimetersand 1 millimeter. In some embodiments, the residuals have a thicknessranging from 1 millimeter and 4 millimeters. In some embodiments, theresiduals have a thickness ranging from 1 millimeter and 2 millimeters.

In some embodiments, the power required for the present invention rangesfrom 1% to 10% of the total power consumption required for operation ofthe aircraft. In some embodiments, the power required for the presentinvention is between 2% and 8%. In some embodiments, the power requiredfor the present invention is between 2% and 6%. In some embodiments, thepower required for the present invention is between 2% and 4%. In someembodiments, the power required for the present invention is between 1%and 3%.

In some embodiments, the method includes evaluation of the ice thicknesson the skin surface combined with additional information from at leastone sensor to initiate and optimize mechanical and/or thermal iceremoval steps. In some embodiments, the method includes a combination ofsimultaneous heating (thermal) and vibration (mechanical) using patternsof thermal/mechanical elements positioned at the skin surface. Theintensity and duration of the heating and/or vibration is based, atleast in part, on the ice thickness, the environmental conditions orother condition potentially affecting the deicing and/or conditioncapable of detection using one or more sensors. In some embodiments, thepatterns of ice removal are selected based on historical or real timedata and analysis to reduce the bond between the ice and the skinsurface via the application of heat and/or vibration and thus allow theremoval of or reduction in the ice thickness by the flow of air alongthe surface.

In some embodiments, the process of ice-accretion assessment and removalmay occur continuously throughout the duration of operation of theprotected systems. In some embodiments, a control unit may be configuredto implement the ice accumulation assessment and removal process on anintermittent basis. In some embodiments, the control unit implements theice accumulation assessment and removal process based, at least in part,on the mission profile of the protected system, available power,environmental conditions, and/or the distribution of ice on the skinsurface.

Non-limiting examples of the method of the present invention are shownon FIGS. 4 and 5.

In some embodiments, the present invention includes methods and systemfor mechanical deicing. In some embodiments, the method and system ofdeicing includes, but is not limited to installation of one or morevibration mechanisms such as actuators.

In some embodiments, the one or more actuators may include linearactuators as shown on FIGS. 6A-6B. In some embodiments, the linearactuator 600 may include a motor 610, a cylinder 620, and actuatorassembly 630. In some embodiments, the linear actuator 600 uses themotor 610 to extend and retract the cylinder 620.

In some embodiments, the size of the cylinder 620 may be adjusted basedon the size of the aerodynamic surface.

In some embodiments, the linear actuator 600 includes an actuatormechanism 700 shown on FIGS. 7A-7C. In some embodiments, the actuatormechanism is positioned within the actuator assembly 630. In someembodiments, the actuator motor 640 is positioned outside of theactuator assembly 650. In some embodiments, the actuator mechanism 700includes a sawtooth 710 having a mirror surface 720. In someembodiments, the actuator mechanism further includes a nut (not shown)having a surface (not shown) designed for receiving the threaded surface720. In some embodiments, the actuator mechanism further includes one ormore gears 730 positioned within the actuator assembly 630. In someembodiments, the one or more gears 730 of the actuator mechanism may beconnected to one or more corresponding gears (not shown) attached to themotor 610. In some embodiment, the one or more gears 730 of the actuatormechanism is connected to the one or more gears of the motor via a beltand/or a chain.

In some embodiments, the actuator mechanism further includes a base 740for supporting the cylinder 620. In some embodiments, the sawtooth 710is secured to a bottom surface of the base 740. In some embodiments,also the mirror sawtooth 720 is secured to the one or more gears 730(not shown). In some embodiments, the actuator may also include one ormore ball bearings to reduce rotational friction and support radialand/or axial loads in the actuator. In some embodiments, the actuatormechanism 700 includes a piston like mechanism 750. In some embodiments,the actuator mechanism 700 includes a vertical sawtooth.

In some embodiments, the components of the actuator are formed of lowweight materials such as aluminum and/or thermoplastics. In someembodiments, the components of the actuator are formed from steel,brass, and/or aluminum.

In some embodiments, energizing the actuator 600 results in theextension and/or retraction of the cylinder 620. In some embodiments,the motor is energized resulting in rotation of the one or more gearsattached to the motor. In some embodiments, the rotation of the one ormore gears attached to the motor result in rotation of the one or moregears 730 positioned within the actuator assembly 630. In someembodiments, rotation of the one or more gears 730 results in rotationof the nut (not shown) designed for receiving the threaded surface 720of the sawtooth 710. In some embodiments, rotation of the nut results inthe linear movement of the cylinder 620 and base 740 along the sawtooth.In some embodiments, rotation of the sawtooth results in the linearmovement of the caps 661 and 662. In some embodiments, the linearmovement of the cylinder 620 and base 740 results in extension of thecylinder 620. In some embodiments, the linear movement of the cylinder620 and base 740 results in retraction of the cylinder 620.

In some embodiments, the one or more actuators are installed in anaerodynamic surface including, but not limited to, a wing, tail,propellers, and/or blade 810 of an aircraft as shown in FIG. 8. In someembodiments, the aircraft is an unmanned aerial vehicle (i.e., a drone)or other unmanned vehicle. In some embodiments, the system may be usedin general aviation aircraft such as a small airplane, helicopter orequivalent.

In some embodiments, the aerodynamic surface may include, but are notlimited to, surfaces of manned or unmanned airborne vehicles (UAV), windturbines and/or other surfaces potentially subjected to icingconditions. In some embodiments, the surfaces may include surfaces ofwings and/or propellers of manned or unmanned airborne vehicles, windturbines, and the like. In some embodiments, the wings and/or propellersare formed of a “skin” having an outer surface exposed to one or moreenvironmental conditions.

In some embodiments, the manner or unmanned airborne vehicles, windturbines and the like are referred to as “protected systems”.

In some embodiments, the one or more actuators are positioned so thatthe cylinder 620 of each actuator is positioned against or within closeproximity of an inner surface of the aerodynamic surface 810 of anaircraft. In some embodiments, the cylinder 620 of each actuator ispositioned against or within close proximity of an inner surface of anupper section 820 and lower section 825 of the aerodynamic surface 810of an aircraft. In some embodiments, the caps 661 and 662 of eachactuator is positioned against or within close proximity of an innersurface of an upper section 820 and lower section 825 of the aerodynamicsurface 810 of an aircraft.

In some embodiments, the cylinder 620 of each actuator is positioned soas to result in movement of the upper section 820 of the aerodynamicsurface 810. In some embodiments, the cap 661 of each actuator ispositioned so as to result in movement of the upper section 820 of theaerodynamic surface 810. In some embodiments, the cylinder 620 of eachactuator is positioned to be adapted to cause controlled deformationamplitude of the upper section 820 and lower section 825 of theaerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, the cylinder 620 of eachactuator is positioned within close proximity of the leading edge 830 ofthe aerodynamic surface 810. In some embodiments, the “leading edge” isthe front edge of the aerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, the caps661 and 662 of each actuator is positioned within close proximity of theleading edge 830 of the aerodynamic surface 810. In some embodiments,the “leading edge” is the front edge of the aerodynamic surface.

In some embodiments, the one or more actuators is secured to aninstallation device 840 via one or more securing mechanism 850. In someembodiments, the installation device 840 comprises a rectangular sheetor equivalent. In some embodiments, the installation device 840 furtherincludes a bracketed section 842, 844 adapted to be installed in theaerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, the securing mechanism 850comprises one or more brackets and screws.

In some embodiments, the installation device 840 includes more than oneactuator 901, 902, 903, and/or 904 as shown on FIG. 9. In someembodiments, the installation device 840 includes a rectangular sheet910 or equivalent for securing the more than one actuator 901, 902, 903,and/or 904. In some embodiments, the more than one actuator 901, 902,903, and/or 904 are interconnected with conduit 920. In someembodiments, conduit 920 provides mechanical support of the more thanone actuator 901, 902, 903, and/or 904. In some embodiments, conduit 920provides protection for the electrical connections (not shown) thatenergize the more than one actuator 901, 902, 903, and/or 904. In someembodiments, conduit 920 provides both mechanical support and protectionof electrical connections as described above.

In some embodiments, the installation device includes 1 actuator. Insome embodiments, the installation device includes 2 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 3 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 4 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 5 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 6 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 7 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 8 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 9 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 10 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 11 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes 12 actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device includes more than 12 actuators.

In some embodiments, the present invention is a method comprisinginstalling a mechanical deicing system in an aerodynamic surface of anaircraft, wherein the installing step comprises attaching one or moreactuators to an installation device, wherein the installation device isadapted to be positioned within the aerodynamic surface of the aircraft;and positioning the installation device within the aerodynamic surfaceof the aircraft, wherein the positioning step comprises inserting theinstallation device from a side of the aerodynamic surface opposite abody of the aircraft.

In embodiments, the actuators may be installed from the side of theaerodynamic surface opposite the body of the aircraft. In someembodiments, the actuators can be installed or removed manually. In someembodiments, the installation device is installed in grooves and/ortracks within the aerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, theactuators can be removed if icing conditions are not expected.

In some embodiments, the actuators may be installed in the aerodynamicsurface so as to result in little or no impact on the aerodynamicsurface's aerodynamics. In some embodiments, this installation method iseffective for long endurance aircraft having laminar flow aerodynamicsurfaces.

In some embodiments, the instant invention is method for mechanicallydeicing an aerodynamic surface using one or more actuators. In someembodiments, the method includes, but is not limited to, positioning oneor more actuators in close proximity to a leading edge of an aircraftaerodynamic surface, where the leading edge of the aircraft aerodynamicsurface is at least partially covered with ice, where each of the one ormore actuators include at least one cylinder; energizing the one or moreactuators so as to result in mechanical deformation of the aircraftaerodynamic surface by extension of the cylinder (or length) of each ofthe one or more actuators; deenergizing the one or more actuators so asto result in retraction of the cylinder or the caps of each of the oneor more actuators; and repeating the energizing step and deenergizingsteps until substantially all of the ice has been removed from theleading edge of the aircraft aerodynamic surface. In some embodiments,an aircraft aerodynamic surface with a leading edge at least partiallycovered in ice and an aircraft aerodynamic surface having a leading edgewith the ice removed according to a method of the present invention isshown in FIGS. 10 and 11, respectively.

In some embodiments, the method includes deicing by mechanicallydeforming the aerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, the methodincludes adjusting the frequency and amplitude of the actuator to impartsufficient kinetic energy in the aerodynamic surface to fracture icedeposited on the aerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, the frequencyof the actuator may be increased while the amplitude of the actuator maybe decreased resulting in no change in the kinetic energy imparted tothe aerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, the frequency of theactuator may be decreased while the amplitude of the actuator may beincreased resulting in no change in the kinetic energy imparted to theaerodynamic surface.

In some embodiments, the “amplitude” of the actuator is defined as thedistance the cylinder and/or caps of the actuator travels from itsoriginal position to its extended position when the actuator isenergized. In some embodiments, the amplitude of the actuator ismeasured in millimeters (mm). In some embodiments, the cylinder and/orcaps of the actuator extends vertically. In some embodiments, thecylinder and/or caps of the actuator extends horizontally. In someembodiments, the cylinder and/or caps of the actuator extends at anyangle between horizontal and vertical.

In some embodiments, the amplitude of the actuator is related to thewidth of the leading edge. In some embodiments, the amplitude of theactuator increases 5 millimeters for every 0.15 meter of leading edgewidth. In some embodiments, the amplitude of the actuator is 4millimeters for an aerodynamic surface having a leading edge with awidth of 0.12 meter. In some embodiments, the amplitude of the actuatoris 10 millimeters for an aerodynamic surface having a leading edge witha width of 0.3 meters.

In some embodiments, the mechanical elements may be operated using adisplacement amplitude ranging from 1 to 20 mm. In some embodiments, themechanical elements may be operated using a displacement amplituderanging from 2 to 15 mm. In some embodiments, the mechanical elementsmay be operated using a displacement amplitude ranging from 4 to 12 mm.In some embodiments, the mechanical elements may be operated using adisplacement amplitude ranging from 6 to 10 mm. In some embodiments, themechanical elements may be operated using a displacement amplituderanging from 7 to 9 mm.

In some embodiments, the displacement amplitude ranges from 1 millimeterto 20 millimeters. In some embodiments, the displacement amplituderanges from 2 millimeters to 15 millimeters. In some embodiments, thedisplacement amplitude ranges from 4 millimeter to 12 millimeters. Insome embodiments, the displacement amplitude ranges from 6 millimetersto 10 millimeters. In some embodiments, the displacement amplituderanges from 7 millimeters to 9 millimeters.

In some embodiments, the amplitude of the actuator ranges from 1millimeter to 10 millimeters. In some embodiments, the amplitude of theactuator ranges from 2 millimeters to 10 millimeters. In someembodiments, the amplitude of the actuator ranges from 1 millimeter to 5millimeters. In some embodiments, the amplitude of the actuator rangesfrom 2 millimeters to 5 millimeters. In some embodiments, the amplitudeof the actuator ranges from 3 millimeters to 5 millimeters. In someembodiments, the amplitude of the actuator is 4 millimeters.

In some embodiments, the “frequency” of the actuator is defined as thenumber of times actuator is energized and thus the cylinder of theactuator is extended per unit time. In some embodiments, the frequencyof the actuator is measured in hertz.

In some embodiments, the frequency of the actuators range from 0.01 to1000 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency of the actuators range from10 to 500 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency of the actuators rangefrom 20 to 300 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency of the actuatorsrange from 40 to 200 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency of theactuators range from 60 to 100 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency ofthe actuators range from 70 to 90 Hz.

In some embodiments, the installation device includes one or moreactuators. In some embodiments, the installation device includes a baror rod or equivalent for supporting the one or more actuators. In someembodiments, the bar or rod is formed of a material suitable forconditions associated with aviation such as extreme temperatures,forces, or other condition. In some embodiments, the bar or rod isformed of metal such as aluminum.

In some embodiments, the installation device further includes controlcircuits. In some embodiments, the control circuits allow remoteoperation of the actuators. In some embodiments, the installation deviceprovides mechanical support of the one or more control circuits. In someembodiments, the installation device provides mechanical support for theone or more control circuits and the one or more actuators. In someembodiments, the installation device provides supports for one or morecontrol circuits, where each control circuit is positioned adjacent toone of the one or more actuators.

In some embodiments, the installation device is configured to bemanually removed from the aerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, theinstallation device and the control circuits and the actuators securedthereto are removed from the aerodynamic surface by removing theinstallation device.

In some embodiments, the installation device is a rod or bar that may beremoved along with the control circuits and the actuators by exerting aforce on one or both ends of the rod or bar. In some embodiments, theinstallation device in the form of a rod or bar is removed by pushingthe rod or bar from the aerodynamic surface. In some embodiments, theinstallation device 840 in the form of a rod or bar is removed bypulling the rod or bar from the aerodynamic surface.

In some embodiments, removal of the installation device is completedmanually. In some embodiments, the removal of the installation device iscompleted automatically using a mechanical device.

In some embodiments, the installation device is adapted to isolate themovement of the actuators to reduce or eliminate vibration in theaerodynamic surface not targeted for deicing.

Various embodiments of the actuator positioned in an aerodynamic surfaceare shown on FIGS. 12A-14. Various embodiments of the actuator are shownon FIGS. 15-17.

In some embodiments, the method of the present invention results in aresidual ice thickness of less than 0.5 millimeters after deicing. Insome embodiments, the residual ice thickness ranges between 0.5millimeters and 1 millimeter. In some embodiments, the residual icethickness ranges between 1 millimeter and 2 millimeters.

In some embodiments, the power required for the present invention rangesfrom 1% to 7% of the total power consumption required for operation ofthe aircraft. In some embodiments, the power required for the presentinvention is between 2% and 4%. In some embodiments, the power requiredfor the present invention is between 1% and 3%.

In some embodiments, the weight of the actuators ranges from 2% to 4% oftotal weight of the aircraft. In some embodiments, the weight of theactuators ranges from 2.5% to 3.5% of the total weight of the aircraft.

In some embodiments, various screen shots of a simulation of theactuators used for mechanical deicing of an aerodynamic surface that wascaptured by high speed detection equipment are shown on FIGS. 18-21. Insome embodiments, the temperature of the simulation was −10 degreesCelsius and the ice thickness on the aerodynamic surface was less than 3millimeters.

In some embodiments, various screen shots of a simulation of an actuatorpositioned in an aerodynamic surface was captured by high speeddetection equipment are shown on FIGS. 22-23. In some embodiments, FIG.22 shows an actuator with a cylinder in its original position. In someembodiments, FIG. 23 shows an actuator with a cylinder in its extendedposition.

In some embodiments, the system includes an axial vibrating apparatusthat includes a vibration mechanism. In some embodiments, the vibrationmechanism is installed as a single mechanism or in pairs facing oppositedirections. In some embodiments, the vibration mechanism is controlledto vibrate in different frequencies as required by skin and iceaccumulated thereon.

In some embodiments, the vibrating apparatus is installed in discretelocations inside the lift or steering device and along its leading edgeso that a sequential operation is acting along the wing/tail at adetermined interval for a determined period of time.

In some embodiments, the single vibrating apparatus is installed on arail and travelling along the wing/tail while operating continuously orin determined locations and for a determined time.

In some embodiments, the vibrating apparatus is installed on a rail andtravelling along a limited distance of the wing/tail and several suchassemblies are covering the entire area to be deiced. In someembodiments, the vibrating apparatus is installed and positioned in thewing/tail to provide coverage of the entire area potentially requiringdeicing.

In some embodiments, the vibrating apparatus is defined as a standalonemechanism. In some embodiments, the vibrating apparatus is defined as asubsystem in a protected system. In some embodiments, the vibratingapparatus is configured to transfer electric motor rotational energyinto axial movement by using one or more saw tooth coupled devices,spheres, a piston and crank mechanism.

In some embodiments, the vibrating mechanism is configured to vibratethe leading edge of the skin in a frequency between 1 to 1K Hertz for aperiod of time between 0.1 to 60 seconds and every 30 to 1000 seconds.

In some embodiments, the mechanism remove ice below a certain levelbased, at least in part, on maintenance of the aerodynamics requirementsof the protected system.

In some embodiments, the mechanism causes a determined deflection of therelevant surface of the skin combined with a vibration effect that mayresult in a sheer force combined with vibration between the ice and thewing surface.

In some embodiments, the operational time is not limited, the mechanismis light weight, and the energy consumption of the vibration mechanismis low compared with the overall energy requirements of the protectedsystems.

In some embodiments, the vibration mechanism is positioned against theleading edge of the skin. In some embodiments, the vibration mechanismis configured for easy manual assembly and disassembly. In someembodiments, the vibration mechanism is configured to be used in varioustypes of weather conditions. In some embodiments, the vibrationmechanism is configured to be installed such that the surfaces of theprotected system can be preserved.

In some embodiments, the vibration mechanism eliminates the maintenanceissues associated with non-smooth surfaces and their negative effect onthe aerodynamics of surfaces. In some embodiments, smooth surfaces arethe primary element in efficient and low drag aerodynamics andundisturbed flow is preferred in aircrafts aerodynamics enabling lowdrag and long endurance.

In some embodiments, the present invention includes an apparatus forremoving ice from wings while flying in icing conditions. In someembodiments, the apparatus is positioned inside the wing leading edge.

In some embodiments, one edge of the apparatus is resting against orplaced in a predefined gap against the inner side of the leading edge.In some embodiments, the other side of the apparatus is resting againstanother inner surface of the leading edge or supported against a supportmounted inside the leading edge.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is constructed of a motor whichconverts energy to mechanical rotation of a shaft. In some embodiments,the motor shaft is coupled with a rotating disc. In some embodiments,the coupling between the shaft and the rotating disc may further use atransmission and/or a clutching mechanism. In some embodiments, therotating disc plane is in the shape or equipped with lumps, saw toothand/or spheres which are positioned against a non rotating disc. In someembodiments, the non rotating disc plane is also in the shape orequipped with lumps, saw tooth or spheres that are mated against theplane of the rotating disc.

In some embodiments, rotation of the rotating disc with respect to thenon rotating or contra rotating disc results in a reciprocating motionof the non rotating or contra rotating disc which deflects the leadingedge surface causing removal of the ice accumulated on the leading edgeof the protected system by detaching and repelling the ice layer.

In some embodiments, the other plane of the non rotating or contrarotating disc can be coated or coupled with a cushioning material orstructural member. In some embodiments, the other plane of the nonrotating or contra rotating disc is placed against the inner side of theleading edge, contacting it or positioned in a predetermined gap. Insome embodiments, the location where the apparatus interfaces theleading edge surface is predetermined as the location causing optimalice removal effect when subjected to force which is created due to thereciprocating motion of the apparatus members.

In some embodiments, for example, where the opposite apparatus plane ispositioned against the opposite surface of the leading edge it will beplaced in a location where the combined effect is causing optimal iceremoval. In some embodiments, the mechanism will be positioned in theskin of the protected system based, at least in part, on the projectedlocation of the ice accumulation on the skin surface.

In some embodiments, the opening in the apparatus housing is integratedwith the non rotational or contra rotating disc in a manner so that thenon rotational or contra rotating disc rotational movement is limitedthus allowing only axial movement.

In some embodiments, the vibrational mechanism may operate in differentand/or multiple frequencies. In some embodiments, the vibrationalmechanism is controlled so as to prevent overloading the skin.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is installed for assembly anddisassembly from the wing side while not influencing wing aerodynamics.

In some embodiments, the apparatus can be installed statically while anarray of the vibrating mechanisms can be positioned along the protectedsystem having a defined distance between them. In some embodiments, theapparatus is traveling on a rail along the wing leading edge.

In some embodiments, the present invention includes an aerodynamic skinformed of a composite configured for heating thus preventing and/orreducing ice accumulation on surfaces. In some embodiments, the surfacesmay include, but are not limited to, surfaces of manned or unmannedairborne vehicles (UAV), wind turbines and/or other surfaces potentiallysubjected to icing conditions. In some embodiments, the surfaces mayinclude surfaces of wings and/or propellers of manned or unmannedairborne vehicles, wind turbines, and the like. In some embodiments, thewings and/or propellers are formed of an aerodynamic “skin” having anouter surface exposed to one or more environmental conditions.

In some embodiments, the manner or unmanned airborne vehicles, windturbines and the like are referred to as “protected systems”.

In some embodiments, the skin formed of a composite (hereinafter “thecomposite”) may be configured to allow for heating and thus reduction inice accumulation on the surfaces of the protected systems. In someembodiments, the composite includes a heating device that is positionedon or forms an integral part of the composite of a protected system.

In some embodiments, the composite may include various subsections asshown in FIG. 24. In some embodiments, the different subsections arecomprised of various layers as shown in FIGS. 24-25, 2A and 2B.

In some embodiments, one or more subsections of the composite include atleast one layer of heat-conductive material having sufficient structuralproperties for use in a protected system. In some embodiments, the layeris a carbon fiber sheet. In some embodiments, the carbon fiber sheet mayhave an areal weight ranging from 10 to 250 grams per square meter. Insome embodiments, the carbon fiber sheet may have an areal weightranging from 10 to 100 grams per square meter. In some embodiments, thefiber sheet may have an areal weight ranging from 50 to 200 grams persquare meter. In some embodiments, the fiber sheet may have an arealweight ranging from 120 to 180 grams per square meter.

In some embodiments, the carbon fiber sheet may have a layout of 0degrees. In some embodiments, the carbon fiber sheet may have a layoutof 45 degrees. In some embodiments, the carbon fiber sheet may have alayout of 90 degrees.

In some embodiments, the layer of carbon fiber sheet may be at leastpartially coated with a conductive material such as a conductive epoxy.

In some embodiments, one or more subsections of the composite includeelectrical and thermal conductive layers. In some embodiments, theelectrical and thermal conductive layers may include one or moreconductive strips. In some embodiments, the conductive strips may beformed of copper, nickel, silver, and/or aluminum. In some embodiments,the strips may be 15 millimeters×0.1 millimeter. In some embodiments,the strips may be 10 millimeters×0.5 millimeter. In some embodiments,the strips may be 5 millimeters×1.0 millimeter.

In some embodiments, one or more subsections of the composite mayinclude an electrical and thermal insulation layer. In some embodiments,the insulation layer is comprised of a material such as fiberglass orKevlar sheet. In some embodiments, the fiberglass or Kevlar sheet mayhave an areal weight ranging from 50 to 250 grams per square meter. Insome embodiments, the fiberglass or Kevlar sheet may have an arealweight ranging from 75 to 150 grams per square meter. In someembodiments, the fiberglass or Kevlar sheet may have an areal weightranging from 100 to 130 grams per square meter. In some embodiments, thefiberglass or Kevlar sheet may have an areal weight of 120 grams persquare meter.

In some embodiments, the fiberglass or Kevlar sheet may have a layout of0 degrees. In some embodiments, the fiberglass or Kevlar sheet may havea layout of 45 degrees. In some embodiments, the fiberglass or Kevlarsheet may have a layout of 90 degrees.

In some embodiments, one or more subsection of the composite may includeone or more structural sheets. In some embodiments, the one or morestructural sheets may be formed of foam. In some embodiments, the foammay include Rohacell foam sheet. In some embodiments, the foam sheetthickness may range from 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters. In someembodiments, the foam sheet thickness may range from 3 millimeters to 8millimeters. In some embodiments, the foam sheet thickness may rangefrom 5 millimeters to 7 millimeters. In some embodiments, the foam sheetthickness is 5 millimeters.

In some embodiments, at least one subsection includes a top and bottomcarbon fiber sheet layer. In some embodiments, at least one subsectionis comprised of an electrical and thermal conductive layer and anelectrical and thermal insulation layer positioned between the carbonfiber sheet layers.

In some embodiments, at least one subsection includes a carbon fibersheet top layer and a foam sheet bottom layer. In some embodiments, atleast one subsection is comprised of an electrical and thermalinsulation layer and another carbon fiber sheet layer positioned betweenthe carbon fiber sheet and foam sheet layers.

In some embodiments, at least one subsection includes a carbon fibersheet top layer and carbon fiber sheet bottom layer with an electricaland thermal insulation layer in the middle.

In some embodiments, the composite with the heating elements isconfigured as shown on FIG. 24. In some embodiments, the composite isconfigured as shown on FIG. 25. In some embodiments, the composite isconfigured as shown on FIG. 2A. In some embodiments, the composite isconfigured as shown on FIG. 2B.

While a number of embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed, it is understood that these embodiments are illustrativeonly, and not restrictive, and that many modifications may becomeapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further still, thevarious steps may be carried out in any desired order (and any desiredsteps may be added and/or any desired steps may be eliminated).

In some embodiments, the composite forming the “leading edge” (see FIG.2A) with the heating elements is configured to withstand aerodynamicforces and serve as a membrane configured for efficient transfer kineticand thermal energy to reduce or prevent ice accumulation on thecomposite as shown in the non-limiting examples of FIGS. 25, 2A, and 2B.

In some embodiments, the leading edge composite is composed of heatingand/or structural elements configured to heat and/or vibrate thecomposite from 0.1-1000 Hz with a displacement amplitude ranging from1-10 millimeters as shown in the non-limiting example of FIG. 25.

While a number of embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed, it is understood that these embodiments are illustrativeonly, and not restrictive, and that many modifications may becomeapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further still, thevarious steps may be carried out in any desired order (and any desiredsteps may be added and/or any desired steps may be eliminated).

1. A method comprising: receiving first data from at least one firstsensor; wherein the at least one first sensor is configured to supplydata related to: (i) a thickness of an ice layer on a skin surface;calculating the thickness of the ice layer; comparing the thickness ofthe ice layer to a threshold thickness; based, at least in part, on thecomparing the thickness of the ice layer to the threshold thickness,vibrating the skin surface using at least one mechanical element for asufficient duration, sufficient frequency, and sufficient displacementso as to result in removal of a first portion of the ice layer therebyresulting in at least a partially deiced skin surface; and heating thepartially deiced skin surface using at least one heating element;wherein the heating is conducted from a leading edge of the skin surfaceto a trailing edge of the skin surface; wherein the heating thepartially deiced skin surface results in a sufficient temperatureincrease in the partially deiced skin surface for removal of a secondportion of the ice layer.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprisingreceiving second data from at least one second sensor, wherein the atleast one second sensor is configured to supply data related to one ormore of the following: i) air flow at one or more locations on the skinsurface, ii) air temperature, iii) relative pressure, and/or iv)humidity.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold thickness isat least 0.3 millimeters.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein thesufficient duration of each of the at least one mechanical elementsranges from 0.01 seconds to 5 seconds.
 5. The method of claim 4, whereinthe sufficient duration of each of the at least one mechanical elementsranges from 0.01 seconds to 3 seconds.
 6. The method of claim 1, whereinthe sufficient frequency of ranges from 0.01 to 1000 hertz.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the sufficient frequency ranges from 10 to500 hertz.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the sufficient displacementof each of the at least one mechanical elements ranges from 1 millimeterto 20 millimeters.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperatureincrease of the partially deiced skin surface is at least 2 degreesCelsius.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein removal of the first portionand the second portion of the ice layer results in complete removal ofthe ice layer.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein a residual ice layeris present after removal of the first portion and the second portion ofthe ice layer and the residual ice layer comprises a thickness of 0.5millimeters to 10 millimeters.
 12. A method comprising: receiving firstdata from at least one first sensor; wherein the at least one firstsensor is configured to supply data related to: (i) a thickness of anice layer on a skin surface; calculating the thickness of the ice layer;comparing the thickness of the ice layer to a threshold thickness;based, at least in part, on the comparing the thickness of the ice layerto the threshold thickness, vibrating the skin surface using at leastone mechanical element for a sufficient duration, sufficient frequency,and sufficient displacement so as to result in removal of a firstportion of the ice layer thereby resulting in at least a partiallydeiced skin surface; wherein the sufficient frequency of ranges from0.01 to 1000 hertz; and wherein the sufficient displacement of each ofthe at least one mechanical elements ranges from 1 millimeter to 20millimeters.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: heating thepartially deiced skin surface using at least one heating element;wherein the heating is conducted from a leading edge of the skin surfaceto a trailing edge of the skin surface; and wherein the heating thepartially deiced skin surface results in a sufficient temperatureincrease in the partially deiced skin surface for removal of a secondportion of the ice layer.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thesufficient duration of each of the at least one mechanical elementsranges from 0.01 seconds to 5 seconds.
 15. A system comprising: at leastone mechanical element; wherein the at least one mechanical element isconfigured to vibrate a skin surface for a duration, a frequency, and adisplacement; at least one heating device; wherein the at least oneheating device comprises at least one heating element; wherein the atleast one heating device is configured to heat the skin surface from aleading edge of the skin surface to a trailing edge of the skin surface;and wherein the at least one heating device is configured, whenpositioned on the skin surface, to allow the skin surface to be vibratedby the at least one mechanical element for the duration, the frequencyand the displacement; at least one first sensor; wherein the at leastone first sensor is configured to provide first data related to athickness of an ice layer on the skin surface; a control system; whereinthe control system is configured to: (i) receive the first data; (ii)calculate a thickness of an ice layer on the skin surface; (iii) comparethe thickness of the ice layer to a threshold thickness; (iv) based, atleast in part, on the comparison of the thickness of the ice layer tothe threshold thickness, activate the at least one mechanical elementfor a sufficient duration, sufficient frequency, and sufficientdisplacement so as to result in removal of a first portion of the icelayer thereby resulting in at least a partially deiced skin surface; and(v) activate the at least one heating element in the heating device soas to result in: (a) heating from a leading edge of the skin surface toa trailing edge of the skin surface; and (b) heating the partiallydeiced skin surface sufficiently for removal of a second portion of theice layer.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the heating device is athermal mat.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the thermal matcomprises at least two of the following: a carbon fiber sheet; a foamsheet; and a conductive strip.
 18. The system of claim 15, wherein thecontrol system is further configured to: (vi) calculating a first powerrequired for deicing and (vii) comparing the first power required fordeicing to a second power available to an aircraft.
 19. The system ofclaim 15, wherein the at least one mechanical element comprises anactuator.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the at least onemechanical element comprises a plurality of actuators; wherein theplurality of actuators are positioned on an installation device; andwherein the installation device is configured to be positioned within anaerodynamic surface of an aircraft.